Gout is a type of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. It typically leads to sudden, severe pain, redness, and swelling, most commonly affecting the joint at the base of the big toe. However, it can also occur in other joints such as the ankles, knees, wrists, and fingers.
Causes
Gout occurs when there is an excess of uric acid in the blood, a condition called hyperuricemia. Uric acid is a waste product that forms when the body breaks down substances called purines, which are found in certain foods and drinks. When too much uric acid accumulates, it forms needle-like crystals in the joints, causing inflammation and intense pain.
Factors that increase the risk of developing gout include:
- Diet: Eating foods high in purines, such as red meat, organ meats, and certain seafood (anchovies, sardines), or drinking alcohol (especially beer) and sugary drinks.
- Obesity: Excess body weight increases uric acid production.
- Medical conditions: High blood pressure, diabetes, kidney disease, and metabolic syndrome are associated with higher risk.
- Medications: Diuretics, low-dose aspirin, and some anti-rejection drugs can increase uric acid levels.
- Genetics: A family history of gout can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Symptoms
- Severe joint pain: The hallmark of gout is sudden and intense pain, often occurring at night. The pain is most commonly in the big toe, but can affect other joints.
- Swelling and redness: The affected joint becomes swollen, red, and warm to the touch.
- Limited joint movement: During a gout attack, movement in the affected joint may be difficult.
- Tophi: In chronic cases, hard lumps of uric acid crystals, called tophi, can develop under the skin, around joints, or in soft tissues like the ear.
Diagnosis
Gout is diagnosed through:
- Physical examination: Swelling and redness in the affected joint can indicate a gout attack.
- Joint fluid analysis: A sample of fluid from the affected joint is examined under a microscope to check for uric acid crystals.
- Blood tests: These measure the level of uric acid in the blood, though high levels don’t always indicate gout.
- X-rays or ultrasound: Imaging may help visualize the buildup of uric acid crystals or joint damage.
Prevention
- Regular use of uric acid-lowering medications, when prescribed.
- Healthy diet and lifestyle changes, such as limiting foods and drinks that trigger uric acid buildup.
- Routine medical monitoring for those with high uric acid levels or frequent gout attacks.
Gout is a manageable condition with proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments, but if left untreated, it can lead to chronic pain and joint damage.