Dandruff is a common scalp condition characterized by flaking of the skin on the scalp, often accompanied by itching. While it’s not a serious condition, it can be embarrassing and difficult to treat. Dandruff is caused by several factors, including dry skin, sensitivity to hair products, a yeast-like fungus (Malassezia), or an oily, irritated scalp (seborrheic dermatitis).
Causes of Dandruff
- Dry skin: This is one of the most common causes of dandruff. The flakes tend to be smaller and less oily than those from other causes.
- Seborrheic dermatitis: A more severe form of dandruff, this condition affects areas rich in oil glands (scalp, face, chest) and results in red, greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellowish scales.
- Malassezia: A yeast-like fungus that naturally lives on the scalp of most adults. Sometimes it can grow out of control, irritating the scalp and causing excess skin cells to multiply and shed.
- Oily skin: Excessive oil production can contribute to dandruff because oil can trap dead skin cells, leading to flaking.
- Sensitivity to hair products: Contact dermatitis can occur when the scalp reacts to certain hair products or dyes, causing itching, redness, and scaling.
When to See a Doctor
If dandruff persists despite trying over-the-counter treatments and home remedies, or if your scalp is red, swollen, or painful, you may need to see a dermatologist. In some cases, the flaking could be caused by other skin conditions such as psoriasis or eczema, which require different treatment.